{"product_id":"book-f75a","title":"Barred by Congress","description":"In \u003ci\u003eBarred by Congress: How a Mormon, a Socialist, and an African American Elected by the People Were Excluded from Office, Robert M. Lichtman provides a definitive history of congressional exclusion and expulsion cases. Lichtman offers a timely investigation of the vital constitutional issues, debated since the nation's founding, concerning permissible and impermissible grounds for excluding a member-elect or expelling a member from Congress.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarred by Congress\u003c\/i\u003e begins with an exhaustive review of the numerous congressional exclusion and expulsion cases in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before focusing on the stories of the last three members-elect to be excluded from Congress: a Mormon, a Socialist, and an African American—each an outsider in American politics—excluded notwithstanding election by the voters. Lichtman illuminates each of these three remarkable individuals with a detailed biographical sketch. Brigham H. Roberts was a Utah Mormon whose exclusion from the House of Representatives in 1900 was fueled by a nationwide anti-Mormon campaign. Victor L. Berger, a Socialist Party leader was excluded in 1919 and 1920. Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil rights advocate who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the House of Representatives from 1945 until his exclusion in 1967.\u003c\/i\u003e","brand":"Tantor","offers":[{"title":"Audiobook","offer_id":49359118500144,"sku":"BDf75a","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Audio CD","offer_id":49359118532912,"sku":"ZEf75a","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Audio MP3-CD","offer_id":49359118565680,"sku":"ZMf75a","price":45.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0879\/2784\/9264\/files\/f75a-Square-cover.jpg?v=1780084895","url":"https:\/\/downpour.com\/products\/book-f75a","provider":"Downpour","version":"1.0","type":"link"}